THE Nuremberg Trials Essay Example for Free

THE Nuremberg Trials Essay Section 1: Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hypotheses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Importance of Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Methodology Section 2: Presentation and Analysis of Data   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (a) The Need for Gaining Justice: Holocaust’s History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (b) The Victims to Whom Justice Must be Rendered Section 3: Topic Summary Section 4: End Notes    The Nuremberg Trial Section 1: Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Holocaust had been a great mark in the pages of human history. Understandably, the ones who were involved within the situation as the victims certainly need to realize the fact that they are given the justice that they primarily deserve. Justice is one particular thing that could at least ease the pain of the family members of the victims if not the victims themselves of the said historical event. The establishment of the legalities of the matter through the Nuremberg trials actually notes the possible ways by which the said victims could be given the justice that they deserve. Hypotheses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The need for justice is an evident right of all human beings. Understandably, through the Nuremberg trials, this particular right of the victimized individuals during the Nazi regime shall be given attention through legal measures and investigations and punishment for those who have been found guilty of the massive human death that happened during the holocaust. Importance of Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Understanding history and knowing that whatever injustices happened back then are given the chance to be straightened out later on through legal terms gives the society a better vision on the strength of legal institutions to take careful hold of upholding the idealisms of human rights. This gives the entire human society a better view of how the legal system works and how justice is applied even upon those who were powerful in government office. Justice served through careful investigation and rightful punishment stand as the proof of the strength of the legal systems to imply rightful justice for the victims of any war era which would rather give relief to those who were victimized as well as to their family members whom they may have left if they unfortunately died during the said dreadful events in the past. Methodology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To be able to garner the rightful foundation of the discussion that shall be presented herein, the researcher is to use the history of holocaust as a primary basis as to how the Nuremberg trial developed towards the aim of finding the right people who are supposed to answer for the deaths of many people during World War II. Later on, the discussion on the proceedings with which the idea of setting up a Nuremberg Trial shall also be given explanation thus giving a clear discussion on how the said system of justice and punishment works and how it particularly gave the martyrs and the victims a sense of justice from all the dreadful things that they have experienced during the Second World War. Section 2: Presentation and Analysis of Data (a) The Need for Gaining Justice: Holocaust’s History HOLOCAUST—what does it mean? According to some dictionaries, it was the genocidal slaughter of European Jews by the Nazis during World War  II. This could easily give the impression that only Jews suffered and died at the hands of the Nazis. Yet, are justice and truth served in having â€Å"Holocaust† apply only to the Jewish victims of the Nazi era? Writer Richard Lukas states: â€Å"The word Holocaust suggests to most people the tragedy the Jews experienced under the Germans during World War  II. From a psychological point of view, it is understandable why Jews today prefer that the term refer exclusively to the Jewish experience .  .  . Yet, by excluding others from inclusion in the Holocaust, the horrors that Poles, other Slavs, and Gypsies endured at the hands of the Nazis are often ignored, if not forgotten.† Lukas also states: â€Å"To them [the historians], the Holocaust was unique to the Jews, and they therefore have had little or nothing to say about the nine million Gentiles, including three million [Gentile] Poles, who also perished in the greatest tragedy the world has ever known.† When Hitler’s armies invaded Poland in September 1939, they were under orders to carry out Hitler’s policy of obtaining Lebensraum, living space, for the German people. As Richard Lukas states: â€Å"To the Nazis, the Poles were Untermenschen (subhumans) who occupied a land which was part of the Lebensraum (living space) coveted by the superior German race.† Thus, Hitler authorized his troops to kill â€Å"without pity or mercy all men, women, and children of Polish descent or language. Only in this way can we obtain the living space we need.† (Rule of Law, Internet) September 1939 started a relentless horror for the Polish people. Hitler had stated: â€Å"The war is to be a war of annihilation.† Hitler’s henchman Heinrich Himmler declared: â€Å"All Poles will disappear from the world. .  .  . It is essential that the great German people should consider it as a major task to destroy all Poles.† Thus, the Holocaust was not aimed at just Polish Jews; it was aimed at â€Å"all Poles.† â€Å"Terror was applied in all occupied countries. .  .  . But in Poland everyone was subject to such brutality, and mass executions based on the principle of collective guilt were far more frequent, because every Pole, regardless of age, sex, or health, was a member of a condemned nation—condemned by the policy-makers in the Nazi party and government,† states Catherine Leach, translator of the Polish book Values and Violence in Auschwitz. She states that Himmler viewed the Poles as a lower race to be kept in serfdom. â€Å"Even after Poland’s surrender [September 28, 1939], the Wehrmacht [German army] continued to take seriously Hitler’s admonition of August 22, 1939, when he authorized killing ‘without pity or mercy all men, women, and children of Polish descent or language.’† How could the German army and the SS be motivated to such pitiless murder? By being saturated with the teaching of the supremacy of the Aryan race and the inferiority of all others. Thus, as Lukas states in The Forgotten Holocaust: â€Å"The Nazi theory of colonial empire in Poland was based on the denial of humanity to the Poles whom, next to the Jews, Hitler hated the most.† In his introduction to the book Commandant of Auschwitz, Lord Russell of Liverpool said: â€Å"During the war probably not less than twelve million men, women, and children from the invaded and occupied territories were done to death by the Germans. At a conservative estimate, eight million of them perished in concentration camps. Of these, not less than five million were Jews. .  .  . The real number, however, will never be known.† On the basis of these figures alone, at least seven million victims were not Jews. Another testimony is that of Catherine Leach, who writes: â€Å"Poland was the first country to be subjected to Hitler’s ‘negative demographic policy,’ whose purpose was to prepare the vast territories in ‘The East’ for German resettlement, and Poland suffered the greatest losses in life of all the occupied countries—220 per 1000 inhabitants. Polish sources state that no less than 6,028,000 Polish citizens .  .  . lost their lives.† Of these, 3,200,000 were Jews. That means that nearly 50% of the Polish dead were non-Jews. (Conquest, 1990, 92) Indisputably, there has been a â€Å"Forgotten Holocaust† of millions of non-Jewish victims, mainly of Slavic origin. These include the millions of Russians slaughtered by the Nazis. Those Russians had no choice (Conquest, 1990, 92). By reason of Nazi racial doctrine, they were inexorably condemned to death. Yet, these statistics fail to take into account the thousands of non-Jewish Germans who also suffered as victims of the Holocaust for daring to oppose Hitler and his racist supremacy philosophy. Among these were thousands of Jehovah’s Witnesses who refused to collaborate in Hitler’s militaristic pretensions (Conquest, 1990, 92). Yes, sprinkled across Germany and the Nazi-occupied countries were thousands of people who made a deliberate choice that led to the concentration camps and to death for many as martyrs. (b) The Victims to Whom Justice Must be Rendered WHY make a distinction between victims and martyrs? Because all those who suffered as a result of the Holocaust were victims, but only a minority were truly martyrs in the strict sense of the word. What is the difference (Bauer, 1972, 1300). A victim is â€Å"someone who is put to death or subjected to torture or suffering by another.† Victims usually have no choice. A martyr is â€Å"one who chooses to suffer death rather than renounce religious principles† or â€Å"one who sacrifices something very important to him in order to further a belief, cause, or principle.† (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language) Thus, the victim is usually involuntary, while the martyr is voluntary. In a conference on the non-Jewish victims of the Nazis, Dr.  Gordon Zahn, University of Massachusetts, defined the Nazis’ victims under three headings: (1) those who suffered for what they were—Jews, Slavs, Gypsies; (2) those who suffered for what they did—homosexuals, political activists, and resisters; (3) and those who suffered for what they refused to do—conscientious objectors. Millions of Jews suffered and died simply because they were Jews in the ethnic sense. It mattered not to Hitler’s henchmen whether they were Orthodox or atheistic Jews (Shnayerson, 1996, 132). They were condemned to the â€Å"final solution,† or extermination, as Hitler’s method of ridding Europe of all Jews was called. Likewise, the Slavs, who for Hitler’s crusade were mainly the Poles, Russians, and Ukrainians, were condemned just for being Slavic, ‘an inferior race’ in comparison to the â€Å"supreme† Aryan stock. The existence of the major victims of the history of holocaust primarily shouts out towards the legal systems at present to be able to gain the justice that they believe they deserve as primary receivers of the hideous situations of those times. This is the reason why the introduction of the Nuremberg trials actually answers this particular need, not only to give justice to the people who were directly affected by the said history but also to clarify the names who are really involved with the said situation in the past. In connection with the Nuremberg (Germany) trial of Nazi war criminals after World War II, the Nuremberg Law that was followed was this: â€Å"Patriotic obedience in crime does not establish innocence.†   Ã‚   The development of the Nuremberg trials started during the end of the Second World War when the victims of the Nazi regime began to cry out for the justice that they ought to receive. Having the people responsible for what has happened back then was believed to be a great relief to the depression that such victims felt after the war years. Their recovery of the dreadful experiences that they have dealt with during the war years is the utmost concern of such proceedings. Moreover, the said trial tries to identify the culprits behind the holocaust murder to give a statement that such acts of inhumane treatment deserves to be punished and shall never be overlooked by the legal systems established by the alliance of the different nations from then until the present days. It was primarily the symbol of the beginning of the recognition of human rights that is supposed to mark the minds of those who are still planning to do the same thing as Hitler himself did along with his comrades. Section 3: Topic Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   History would be history, but the indications of truth that it leaves the human civilization are reactive up until the present years of human living. The Nuremberg Trial remains to be among the huge indications that history actually impacts the legal systems until the current generations of human civilization. Likely, this system of historical impact in the legal systems does more than just address the needs of war victims. It also developed a more systematic process of which the human rights would be safeguarded even during war situations in case they would occur. This particular part of history is indeed a primary reason why it is important to turn one’s back to the past and learn something from what has happened before to have things run smoothly at present for everyone living in the human society. Section 4: End Notes # John Crossland Churchill: execute Hitler without trial in The Sunday Times, January 1, 2006 # ^ Tehran Conference: Tripartite Dinner Meeting November 29, 1943 Soviet Embassy, 8:30 PM # Judgement : The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity contained in the Avalon Project archive at Yale Law School. but by 1939 these rules laid down in the [Hague] Convention [of 1907] were recognized by all civilized nations, and were regarded as being declaratory of the laws and customs of war # ^Trial of Otto Skorzeny and Others, General Military Government Court of the U.S. Zone of Germany, 18 August to 9 September 1947. Bibliography # Conquest, Robert. The Great Terror A Reassessment London: Oxford University Press, 1990 page 92. # Bauer, Eddy. The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War II Volume 22 New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation 1972 page 3071. # Robert Shnayerson. Judgment at Nuremberg: Fifty years ago the trial of Nazi war criminals ended: the world had witnessed the rule of law invoked to punish unspeakable atrocities. From Smithsonian magazine, October 1996, pp. 124–141. 1996. # The Rule of Law. http://law.wustl.edu/alumni/magazine/spring2002/01_rule_of_law.pdf. (June 29, 2008). # Trial of Otto Skorzeny and Others, General Military Government Court of the U.S. Zone of Germany, 18 August to 9 September 1947. (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language)

African Caribbean Culture In The United Kingdom Marketing Essay

African Caribbean Culture In The United Kingdom Marketing Essay African-Caribbean communities organize and participate in Caribbean Carnivals Caribbean style carnivals throughout the UK. The best known of these is the annual  Notting Hill Carnival, attracting up to 1.5 million people from Britain and around the world, making it the largest street festival in Europe. The carnival began in 1964 as a small procession of Trinidadians in memory of festivals in their home country. Leeds West Indian Carnival  is Europes oldest West Indian carnival and now attracts around 130,000 people. Other carnivals include the Leicester Caribbean Carnival and the Birmingham International Carnival. British African-Caribbean people A majority of the African-Caribbean population in the UK is of Jamaican origin; other notable representation is from Trinidad and Tobago, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Barbados, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Lucia, Dominica, Montserrat, Anguilla, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Guyana (which although located on the South American mainland is culturally similar to the Caribbean and was historically considered to be part of the British West Indies), and Belize. African-Caribbean people are present throughout the United Kingdom with by far the largest concentrations in London and Birmingham. Significant communities also exist in other population centres, notably Manchester, Bradford, Nottingham, Coventry, Luton, Leicester, Bristol, Leeds, Huddersfield, Sheffield, Liverpool and Cardiff. In these cities, the community is traditionally associated with a particular area, such as Brixton, Harlesden, Stonebridge, Tottenham, Dalston, Lewisham, Edmonton, Peckham in London, West Bowling and Heaton in Bradford, Chapeltown in Leeds, St. Pauls in Bristol, or Handsworth and Aston in Birmingham or Moss Side in Manchester. According to the 2001 census, the largest number of African-Caribbeans is found in Lewisham, south-east London, with 9%. British African-Caribbeans have an extremely high rate of mixed-race relationships, and could in effect become the first UK ethnic group to disappear. Half of all British African-Caribbean men in a relationship have partners of a different ethnic background, as do one-third of all British African-Caribbean women. 2009 estimates for England alone roughly put the full African-Caribbean to partial African-Caribbean heritage ratio at 2:1, with over 900,000 people of African-Caribbean origin in total. England in 2009: 609,400 (approximately 1.20% of the English population) Regions with significant populations Greater London, Birmingham, Liverpool, Cardiff, West Midlands, Manchester, Bristol, Nottingham, Leicester Sheffield Caribbean London Its hard to say exactly which parts of London are synonymous with Caribbean culture. In August itll be Notting Hill, but although there are hubs of residential areas Peckham, New Cross, Dalston, and Lewisham That will have their fair share of Caribbean (and African) residents and at least a handful of grocers or takeaways selling Caribbean food; its a community thats fairly spread across town. Two main areas do stand out, however: Brixton in South London and Harlesden in the North West. Brixton Market is home to Europes largest amount of Afro-Caribbean foodstuffs, which obviously appeals to a large contingent of Afro-Caribbean consumers who can also find specialist hairdressers, barber shops as well as hair products in the surrounding streets. Harlesden also boasts its fair share of Caribbean cafà ©s and grocers, but is best known as the reggae capital of London. AFRO HAIR Black hair has been the subject of discussion for many years. Today, black hair has reached new heights, with new styles, news products, and leading hair fashions. Whether its natural Afro, braids, weaves or treatments make everyday a great hair day!   Latest Info MACADAMIA HAIR OIL In just three years, Macadamia Natural Oil has risen to become a global phenomenon in professional hair care. INTL BLACK HAIRITAGE 2012 The 2nd Intl Black Hairitage is back with an afternoon of films, QAs, talk, workshop as well as a Mini Market to celebrate and explore the culture and issues around natural living and holistic health. NATURAL NOVEMBER Natural November event showcasing the very best in natural hair, health and beauty products with special guests. INGRID FARRELL CELEBRATES East London hair stylist Ingrid Farrell is celebrating after reaching the finals of the prestigious English Hair and Beauty Awards. AFRO HAIR BEAUTY SHOW Afro Hair Beauty LIVE loves to introduce revolutionary style ideas and this year weve scouted out the freshest and most talked about movers and shakers in hair and beauty industry to make the shows line-up more exciting than ever! CREME OF NATURE AWARDS 2012 The Creme of Nature Community Action Award is all about giving something back to the many communities across the UK that have helped make Creme of Nature one of the most well known brands in the hair and beauty market for the past 30 years. BLACK HAIR INCOME (UK) NETWORK Kolorpurple Marketing, a Bedford based firm announced the launch of a network marketing program, Black Hair Income (UK) Network to tackle the problem of unemployment amongst women in the African and Caribbean community. MARCIA JOHNSON STILL A SUCCESS Prolific national hair champion Marcia Johnson has proved shes still number one in her industry, nine years after she won her first award as a hairdressing student at the College of North West London.   ORGANIC ROOT STIMULATOR Is your hair damaged, over-processed, shedding or breaking? It sounds like your overdue a Hair MOT, get the recovery underway with the Organic Root Stimulator Hair Mayonnaise an intensive conditioning treatment.   AMAZONIA ORGANICS This miracle treatment will transform all types of afro, relaxed, curly over-processed hair to a sophisticated level, organically and without the need for chemicals or harsh ingredients. The results are apparent instantaneously, producing a lush shine. Controls and nourishes dry hair.   HAIR CELEBRATION Hair Celebration at arc Gallery is an event inspired by Hair Power Skin Revolution: an anthology of poems and essays edited by Nicole Moore, in which Black and Mixed-race women explore the range of skin and hair experiences. CHRIS FOSTER Multi award-winning hairdresser Chris Foster provides a range of services to the hairdressing industry, from training and skill-development with the Foss Academy, through to session services, platform stylist and show organizer.   AFRO HAIR BEAUTY BIBLE   The Afro Hair Beauty Bible The must have beauty book for Women of Colour by Alison Husbands. This glossy stylish handbag sized book is complimented by stunning images in an easy to read format, just what a busy woman needs no matter what her lifestyle. GOOD HAIR DVD Written, produced and narrated by the worlds biggest comedian Chris Rock (Madagascar, The Longest Yard) and winner of the Special Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival 2009, GOOD HAIR is released on DVD by Icon Home Entertainment on 27 September 2010.   SPECIALIST LACE FRONT WIGS Whilst hair loss can occur due to medical reasons (hereditary, diffused, chemotherapy), the most common reasons for hair loss amongst black women is due to chemical processing or traction damage. AFRO SAXONS Chocolate Films documentary Afro Saxons blows the lid on Afro-hair competitions in the UK. A warm, inspirational and touching film that delves into the professional and home lives of the stylists while they express themselves with mind-blowing gravity-defying hair designs.   Business and Marketing Plan Summary The Marketing Plan for Beauty Queens Cosmetics Illustrates with a Vision to get a growth in Targeted Region with a mission to achieve a Unique and leading role in his business Industry. And it includes a Marketing and Sales Plan which if executed well then the company can get their targeted growth result. The Report is supported with a Regional Analysis of Target Area and some info on Hair Products in UK Region. The Business Business name: Beauty Queens Cosmetics Business structure: hair and cosmetics specially designed for African people Business location: African and Caribbean customers in UK Date established: The date you started trading. Business owner(s): List all of the business owners. Products/services: black Afro hair and cosmetic products Goals/objectives: Increase lifetime value of customers Increase the average number of items purchased per sale Increase the frequency that a loyal customer shops Increase the percentage of customers who are returning customers Increase the number of new customers Increase customer satisfaction Increase visibility and memorability of brand identity Increase new customers from referral and word of mouth The Market Target market: Black British women, African and Caribbean customers in United Kingdom. Marketing strategy: By offering a complete range of black Afro hair products, Services Solutions for a variety of customers requirements. Reach out the Giant Customer base from all sectors. Enhancing the Online marketing strategies to reach out the peoples via Internet marketing. Segmentation of Customers The bulk of the ethnic minority group as a whole are concentrated in large urban areas, especially London. An outstanding 80% of Black Africans and 61% of Black Caribbeans lived in London. Following London, the second largest proportion of ethnic minority population as a whole lived in the West Midlands (13%), followed by the South East (8%), and Yorkshire and the Humber (7%). So The Segmentation of customers should largely focus on London and Birmingham. Notably Manchester, Bradford, Nottingham, Coventry, Luton, Leicester, Bristol, Leeds, Huddersfield, Sheffield, Liverpool and Cardiff have the good Number of afro Caribbean peoples. So the Major Focus should be on these cities. THE BUSINESS OF BLACK HAIR AND BEAUTY Size and Growth of Industry According to Cobweb Research, African Caribbean hairdressing is a rapidly expanding sector of the industry with an estimated 2,000 salons in the UK, at least half of which are located in London alone. The size and economic impact of this market is however, said to be vastly under-estimated. As a result, the Knowledge Centre on Black and Minority Ethnic Businesses (KCBMEB) in partnership with Afro Hair Beauty conducted quantitative research to provide an estimate of the true size of the industry. Rough calculations result in an estimated 50 million pound market for London alone which employs approximately 5,000 people Hairdressing in general is one of the faster growing industries in the UK, and although black women are estimated to spend, on average, four times more on their grooming then the average woman, a lack of formal business skills amongst many Afro-Caribbean-led salons means that these businesses are not enjoying the same level of success as their mainstream counterparts. To further emphasize this point, research conducted by Business Link for Londons Knowledge Centre on Black and Minority Ethnic Businesses also shows that expectations of growth in terms of employee size and turnover are not being achieved. The following table reveals that 16% of businesses expect to move out of the 5 or less employees category into the 6 plus category and almost one in ten of these businesses expect to move into the 10 plus employee category within the next two years. What happens in reality (if we compare 2 years ago and now) is that only 2% moved out of the 1-5 employee category, 3% out of the 6-10 em ployee categories, and 1% into the 10 plus employee category). Number of Staff in African-Caribbean Hair Beauty Businesses Two Years Ago Currently Expected in Two Years None 13% 7% 5% 1 5 employees 70% 72% 58% 6 10 employees 13% 16% 23% More than 10 employees 4% 5% 14% 100% 100% 100% Achieving Growth Potential African Caribbean Hairdressing is a rapidly expanding sector of the increasingly lucrative UK hair and beauty industry and since its inception has been one of the strongest growth areas in the Black and Minority Ethnic market. Added to this, the UKs ethnic population is growing by 2.5% a year and even more within London, which holds about half of the UKs BME population. Overall, the groups disposable income is estimated at  £12bn and the markets potential is further boosted by the fact that black women spend up to four times as much money on their hair as their white counterparts. Salon owners and professionals must be educated on the business case for increasing their business and technical skills, and formalizing their business processes so as to reap the benefits available to them in the form of training, funding opportunities, publicity and involvement in government initiatives aimed at achieving business growth within the sector. Attitudes need to be changed and to do so requires a social marketing campaign, the main objective of which should be to encourage the dissemination of information that informs and encourages salon owners and their employees to improve standards. As a result, Business Link for Londons Knowledge Centre on Black and Minority Ethnic Businesses is working with partners, shebytes Ltd., and Afro Hair Beauty to: develop a sustainable programme of business training and support tailored to the needs of businesses in this industry revival of an industry association that will champion the needs of all players in this specialised market support the development of an accredited training academy which will meet the continuous skills and training needs of this dynamic market develop an online database of businesses in the industry, create inspirational case studies of good practice in the industry, and develop online tools that are specific and easily accessible to business owners and aspiring business owners in the industry Competitors Analysis Its up to entrepreneurs to attract and retain customers, and all your most profitable future clients already exist. Many of them probably belong to your competitors, so its up to you to persuade them to do business with you instead. This is a skill business owners can learn. At its base, it comes down to advertising, something successful entrepreneurs are doing anyway. Plus, if youre going after your competitors clients, your chances for success increase for two reasons: Youre targeting only those prospects who have already purchased or are in the process of purchasing a product or service similar to yours, and youre rewarding the competitions best clients for taking immediate action while showing you proof of their purchasing intent. To reach those prospects interested in making a purchase, here are five ideas you can use right now in your display or internet advertisements: If you have received a written estimate from any of our competitors, show us proof and youll receive a special discount at our establishment. Show proof that you received our competitors sales letter, sample or brochure and instantly receive $25 toward your next purchase with us. If you currently own an XYZ Widget, you immediately qualify for an instant credit of $20 toward our products and services. If your do-it-yourself home repair project didnt turn out right, show us your receipt for materials purchased, and youll receive an immediate discount up to 10 percent off your repair bill. Before worrying about the cost of gaining customers this way, remember that your initial rebate or incentive offer is a one-time acquisition cost. The lifetime value of acquiring this new client could easily be worth thousands of dollars or more to your business.   For this strategy to work, your ads must reach your competitions clients. Research the places your competitors advertiseonline and in newspapers, magazines and the Yellow Pagesand advertise there, too. Then, when creating your next advertising campaign, ask yourself if your incentive is irresistible enough to instantly steal business away from competitors. With enough incentive and reward for taking immediate action, youll have created an advertisement tempting enough to accomplish your goal. Differentiate yourself from your Competitors 1.  Reduce Expenses, Not Advertising Take a look at your Profit and Loss statement, or itemize all of your expenses, and ask yourself how each line can be eliminated or reduced. Find out where you can cut back. A little here and a little there will soon add up. However, the one expense you do NOT want to reduce is advertising. In fact, many retailers will increase their marketing efforts during slower sales periods because there is more competition and fewer consumer dollars. 2.  Get Creative Retailers in the same industry generally use similar marketing methods to reach customers. Now is the time to get creative and use unconventional marketing methods to distinguish your business from the competition. A unique marketing campaign attracts more attention and lands more sales. Also, look for some new untapped market you and your competitors overlooked. You may uncover a niche market you can dominate with little or no competition. 3.  Provide Outstanding Customer Service By going the extra mile to provide good service, retailers can outlast the competition. Make shopping in your store such a memorable experience that customers cant wait to come back or to tell their friends. People like to shop where they feel comfortable and where they feel the owner truly cares about their wants and needs. Use your salespeople to talk with your former customers, present customers, and the people who buy from your competitors. Not to be gauche as a business-performance consultant, the best-practice answer is to hire a competent outside-participant to learn customers attitudes. A hot topic: Since early 2009, it seems all we have heard about is social media and connecting with customers. Hence, the increasing popularity of social-media measurement, but it is still challenging to leverage social media for business success. It takes a savvy staff or outside experts to listen and engage prospective customers in the marketplace. Beat a Lower-Priced Competitor Its every companys nightmare: a competitor enters your market with a similar product priced at a fraction of what you currently charge. You need a strategy for beating the low-ballers. So whats the best way to proceed? On the one hand, all you need to do is drop your prices below the competition, and buyers will beat a path to your door. On the other hand, this approach will land you in a price war, and there are no winners in a price war only survivors. Even if you manage to run your competitor out of business, chances are you may not have much of a business left when the battle is over. Luckily, it  is  possible to beat a lower-priced competitor without crippling your profits. Thats the good news. The bad news is that youll need to make major operational changes, and youll need to rethink how you communicate with customers. The changes required may not be for the faint of heart, but theyre better than the alternatives. So gird your loins, corporate warriors; youre about to embark on one of the biggest strategy challenges youll ever face. Select a Value Strategy. Goal:  Lay the groundwork for repositioning your product. When customers prefer the lower priced of two items, its usually because they believe the cheaper item is a better value. To compete, you need to get the customer to value your product more than the competitions regardless of the price. There are four market strategies that accomplish this: Lower your prices.  Yes, this is an option. The challenge is to do it without destroying your own profit margins. (Well explain how to do that in the next step.) The big danger here is that youll end up with a price war, so you must ensure that you have what it takes to be the last firm standing. Example: Dell underpriced PCs during the 1990s in order to grow market share. Build a uniquely superior product.  Customers will pay more if theyre convinced your product is demonstrably better than the competition. This superiority can be rational (like a feature or function nobody else has), emotional (like a reputation for being cool), or a combination of both. Example: Car buyers pay more for Volvos because theyre seen as safer than other cars. Create a hassle-free experience.  Customers will pay extra if your product is easier to buy and use than the competitors. Example: Many shoppers happily pay more for the convenience of bagged lettuce, even though it is significantly more expensive than head lettuce. Take ownership of the customers results.  Customers will pay extra if, in addition to providing the product, you take responsibility for ensuring that it generates the results the customer seeks. Example: GEs Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines come with consulting programs, operating training, and a patient-preparation program a package that ensures that the machines will meet the hospitals performance expectations. Big Idea Where Do You Fit In? Think of product value as a grid. The left axis defines what you sell: Does your firm offer stand-alone products, or do you specialize in offering an ongoing set of services? The top axis is about your core value proposition: Does your offering compete largely on the basis of how much it costs, or does it offer features that make it unique? The more sophisticated your product gets, the more you can charge for it relative to the competition. Similarly, the more value your services provide, the more you can charge for them. Reposition, Readjust, and Reallocate Goal:  Make the internal changes necessary to support your strategy. Lowering your prices = Changing manufacturing and distribution.  To beat low-price competitors at their own game while also remaining profitable, you need to squeeze every last drop of inefficiency and cost from your manufacturing and distribution system. Example: If your competitor has outsourced its manufacturing to China, consider outsourcing your manufacturing to Vietnam, where costs are even lower.   Building a uniquely better product = Changing design and engineering.  Determine through market research what features or design will prompt customers to see your product as being unequivocally superior to the competition. Then get engineering to build it. Example: If youre launching a line of designer handbags, find out what fabrics and leather provide a look and feel that potential buyers view as upscale. Creating a hassle-free experience = Changing sales and marketing.  Figure out why its difficult to buy and use your competitors product, and then make it easy to buy and use yours. Example: Pioneer recently offered giant console TVs for sale at Home Depot, because many customers often already had a truck in the parking lot that they could use to haul the bulky item home. Taking ownership of the customers results = Changing customer support.  Build a deep bench of experts who really understand your customers businesses. Example: Under Lou Gerstner, IBM hired and retrained thousands of consultants, transforming the company from a mainframe computer vendor into a computing services vendor. Promote the New You Goal:  Communicate your new value strategy to potential customers. Once youve implemented all the operational changes required to reposition your product in the marketplace, its time to tell the world why your firm offers superior value. That means adopting a communications strategy that matches your market strategy, as follows: If you offer lower prices, mimic the competitions go-to-market strategy.  Ensure that whenever a customer sees a competitors product, your product is right next to it at a lower price. Example: Kinkos searches out local print/copy shops and locates a franchise across the street, offering prices that the local shop cant match and eventually driving them out of business. If you build a uniquely better product, target your advertising.  Reach customer groups that are most likely to believe your product is superior by selecting venues that the competition neglects. Example: Sonys VAIO PC business advertises in lifestyle magazines to reach female buyers, who are more likely to appreciate the VAIOs sleek design. If you create a hassle-free experience, generate positive word of mouth.  Make it easy for your customers to sell for you. Consider tell a friend coupons or offer referral fees. Example: Network Marketing products (like Amway) are typically priced higher than store-bought items, but they are sold by neighbors to neighbors (thats the word of mouth) and drop-shipped to the buyers (thats the hassle-free part). If you take ownership of the customers results, create a presence as an industry insider.  Get your sales consultants out to conferences, working groups, and industry-association meetings where they can work closely with decision-makers and develop consulting opportunities. Support your consultants with a wealth of case studies and reference materials. Example: The IT consulting firm Accenture promises to take responsibility for the successful implementation of the strategies it develops for clients. Some Big Online Competitors http://www.yhbuk.com/ Global Rank- 6,500,967 http://www.pakcosmetics.com/ Global Rank- 237,489 Rank in GB- 24,238 http://www.evolutionhairdressing.co.uk/ Global Rank- 21,314,825 http://www.miracleshairandbeauty.co.uk/ Global Rank- 19,385,944 http://www.blackbeautyandhair.com/ Global Rank- 1,644,907 http://www.bebeauty.co.uk/ Global Rank- 20,902,879 http://www.beautyqueens.co.uk/ Global Rank- 5,862,573 These People are doing much of advertising to make themselves more and more present online. Using Search Engine Optimization, they are turning more and more traffic towards their online stores. There are lots of SEO techniques by which one can get a good traffic to their websites. SEO Experts are well equipped in using all these techniques to make websites online presence more and better. Social Media networking platforms are best way to make a good number of local customers and targeted people. Marketing strategy Marketing activity/milestone Person responsible Time Duration Print advertising Marketing Manager Once in a month public relations Marketing Manager One Year branding and artwork Marketing Head One Year publications and catalogues Marketing Head online advertising SEO Expert 6 Months blog/social networking SEO Expert 6 Months mail-out SEO Expert 6 Months Website SEO Expert 6 Months Event Marketing Head Once in 6 months media release (Online Direct) Marketing Head Once in a month The Marketing Strategies are as simple as in every business all people Execute to increase their sales. These Strategies could be Online Marketing and direct both. Advertising sales Advertising and promotional strategy Planned promotion /advertising type Promotional strategy Execution Print media advertising By Using Business Print Media, The Top Most level of executives of Industry can see the Service we offer. The Relationship Manger with The Help of Design team can create an attractive designed offer to publish on daily print papers in their targeted audience. online advertising Using Online Advertisement, A huge amount of traffic comes to the desired destination we set as our goal. We can manage this process with SEO expert. He can design and execute the suitable template to most of searchable websites around the target. mail-out Using Email Marketing we send thousands or lacs of Emails to the Executives who have decisive power to Enhance their business. SEO expert team will manage this email marketing process with their executives. publications and catalogues In Publication Catalogues we Can Include Our Products, Features, Services and the Latest Offers for New and Old Customers. Our Clients Review also plays a vital role in this section. When Looking at the competitors, we can make us stand out with differentiate and make this offer available on publications, catalogues and daily prints. blog/social networking Social networking places are becoming the new platform to promote the businesses and can increase the traffic on the web. We can put our products and services there for the consumer in any part of the world. The SEO or Social Media team will do blog posts, classified ads on ad post sites, do make interact with local guys and make them feel better with our products and service. branding and artwork, Events These are the strategies where we can invite our global partners, clients, share holders and new people to tell how and what we achieved. We can make better retention of our old partners, clients etc and can acquire the new people for growing our business. Relationship managers team will Arrange Brand publish, event organise and invite key customers and big clients. There can be a Reward ceremony to our major partners and distributors. public relations This can be good if we have a good relationship manager; he can be good with the clients and can generate a referral program in his team for new Acquisition. We need a Good Relationship Manger from Local area with a good experience and fair knowledge of customers and local people. Online Sales and Marketing methods Online Advertising Channels Strategy Execution Online Business Directories Online directories give consumers a one-stop shop for finding local businesses that offer the products and services they need. There are general online business directories that host listings for business in various industries, but there are also more specific directories that hold listings for niche businesses. Choose quality online directories that receive constant traffic and that are updated frequently with new listings, as customers are more likely to use these sites. There are lots of Online

Self-Control Theory Analysis of Drug Use and Distribution

Self-Control Theory Analysis of Drug Use and Distribution Self-Control Theory Analysis of Prohibited Drug Use and Distribution References Buker, H. (2011). Formation of self-control: Gottfredson and Hirschis general theory of crime and beyond. Aggression and violent behaviour, 265-276. Gottfredson, M. G., Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. Hirschi, T., Gottfredson, M. (1993). Commentary: Testing the general theory of crime. Journal of research in crime and deliquency, 47-54. Hirschi, T., Gottfredson, M. R. (2000). In defense of self-control. Theoretical Criminology, 59-64. Macquarie. (2009). Macquarie Concise Dictionary . Sydney: Macquarie Dictionary Publishers Pty Ltd. Newburn, T. (2013). Criminology. Oxon: Routledge. Self-Control Theory Analysis of Prohibited Drug Use and Distribution What is self-control and how do we apply it as a theory when referring to criminal activity? How do we use the theory of self-control to create appropriate reduction strategies for combatting criminal activity? The Macquarie Concise Dictionary defines self-control as ‘control of oneself and or ones actions, feelings, etc.’ (Macquarie, 2009) where as Hirschi Gottfredson refer to self-control as being a ‘concern for the long-term consequences of one’s acts’ (Hirschi Gottfredson, 2000). Are a person’s actions or their control of, predetermined through learned behaviours or is it merely a social â€Å"out† to state that a person has no control over their actions? That they should not be held responsible for behaviours not within their control? When does a person become responsible for their actions and can a person who has limited self-control take steps to become more self-controlled. At the age of eight years old a person is deemed to have from the ability to have self-control. At this age is would be more likely that they have learned this self-control from factors such a family structure and schooling. As maturity is a limited factor at such a young age, if a person has not formed the ability to self-control their own actions, it will be a ‘visible and stable issue as they grow older’ (Gottfredson Hirschi, 1990). Of those people whose self-control has formed it is often noted that they are more likely to resist temptation and are less impulsive, than those whose self-control has not yet formed. They are said to be able to rationalise and behave in what are deemed social norms on a regular and consistent basis. People with low or unformed self-control tend to be self-absorbed, egocentrically self-centred and bear no concern to what consequences their actions have on themselves or other people (Newburn, 2013). Generally speaking they are more likely to use prohibited drugs, engage in risky behaviour such as unprotected or unsafe sexual practices, consume alcohol to excess and are more likely to participate in criminal activity. It should be noted that there is a difference to lack of or low self-control and impulsiveness. Lack of self-control can in turn result is continual behaviour reoccurring due to a person creating an acceptable image within their mind that their actions are justified. Impulsiveness can be a one off event that is spurred on by a momentary thought process that may not ever occur again. But this does not mean that people with low self-control are criminals or that all criminals have low self-control. Like most crimes that are committed, there is an element of opportunity that needs to be present. Newburn makes mention that although it does not provide a long term benefit for the person, it can be stimulating, thrilling and is usually an unskilled act or it does not require any form of proper planning and execution (Newburn, 2013). Even with or without opportunity, most crimes need some form of planning to ensure that they are likely to succeed. In his article on the formation of self-control, Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime and beyond, Hasan Buker identifies factors such as Family Structure, Parental Practices, Education and Learning, Biological Factors, Social Structure and Religious Involvement that contribute to how a person’s self-control is formed (Buker, 2011). By examining these factors we can attempt to create positive approaches to interact with people who have committed criminal offences and try to rehabilitate them from reoffending. But can those people who have already had their self-control formed be rehabilitated? Or must we strike while the iron is hot during the younger years of a person’s life and ensure that they are being appropriately taught right from wrong? The primary factors that determine one’s self-control as outlined in the general theory of crime are family structure and diminished parental supervision and parenting practices. If this is the case then it must be said that the secondary influences for self-control formation are social structure, education and learning. Almost all of these factors occur before a person has hit the defined age of eight years old for self-control formation. If parents find it socially acceptable to use prohibited drugs, then a young impressionable mind may feel that it too is an acceptable practice and is more likely to experiment if they are offered prohibited drugs at a later stage in their life. If suitable supervision occurs, which includes setting up appropriate boundaries and expectations, during the early years of a person’s childhood, including the adolescent years, they are more likely to respond in a positive manner to those who have no set boundaries and expectations. With thi s in mind, if parents are behaving in what is deemed law abiding behaviour, and they supervise their children in the same manner, then it must be said that their children’s level of self-control and ability to resist temptation would be greater and they are less likely to behave in criminal activity to those children who are not supervised in the same manner. Buker also raises social structure in his article stating that this can also lead to diminished self-control in an individual. Lower socio economic neighbourhoods are often linked to poor family structure and parental supervision as well as adverse learning environments. In these areas due to limited parental supervision, parents may often fail to monitor adverse behaviour and discipline their children in a correct and an appropriate manner. (Buker, 2011).

Average Student Reaches For Above-Average Success :: Interview Essay

Average Student Reaches For Above-Average Success With her curly hair pinned up and her leg shaking nervously, Tricia searches for both potential employers to work for and Master’s programs on the Internet. In the midst of her psychology textbooks lay piles of GRE practice tests and Graduate school applications. For the past year this has been a daily ritual. As she clicks around, her eyes glaze over and a headache sets in; but she tells herself to stay focused. Graduation is quickly approaching, and she feels a lot of pressure to figure out what she is going to do next year. In May, Tricia will graduate from King’s College with a Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology. â€Å"My options are limited, especially in today’s world. Four-year degrees don’t matter anymore; higher degrees are what’s expected. With a four-year degree in Psychology I could be a Guidance Counselor at a High School or teach Psychology classes at a Community College. But as for what I want to do- Forensics- I need Graduate School, specifically in Forensics and there are only ten schools that have it. It’s very competitive,† says Tricia Buchanan. Tricia has spent the last year researching Graduate schools to prepare for next year. â€Å"I started looking in July for Graduate schools. I had my mind set on going to Graduate school in August after graduation and that I wasn’t going to work. So, I spent the majority of this school year taking GRE practice tests, studying, getting applications, meeting with the career planning and placement office, and talking to teachers,† says Tricia. Average Student Discouraged by GRE’s Tricia’s plan changed in December. Suddenly all of those visions of getting into a Graduate school and moving ahead towards her goal, Forensics, were wiped away. All those hours studying seemed like wasted time. â€Å"In December I decided I was going to go the job route. I changed my mind because I got discouraged. I felt I needed a break from school and some time off. The GRE’s were a lot harder than I thought they were going to be. Also, I realized how competitive Graduate schools are. I am an average student. I don’t have any experience. Graduate schools in my program rely heavily on GRE scores, your cumulative GPA, and work experience,† says Tricia.

Caught in the Net (the Internet, that is) :: Personal Narrative, essay about myself

"Hello. My name is Kim. I'm an online-aholic." There. I've said it. I guess I've been addicted for quite some time now, but I have just begun to realize it. My first interaction with the "Net" began when I was only 15 years old. My dad was the computer coordinator at our school, so he wanted to try Internet access at home before installing it at school. We became America Online members in 1993. None of my friends had e-mail back then. My relationship with e-mail started like a Romeo/Juliet conspiracy. I experimented with the Net on the sly at night when the rest of my family was sleeping. That's when I first created my own screen name. Although I was too young to drive, the locked doors of adolescence were suddenly flung open before me. I could be social in the evening rather than hang out with my family-the typical family that every adolescent wants to escape from. Hanging out in chat rooms became a nightly ritual. I quickly found friends who would meet me there, give advice for my adolescent problems, and discuss things such as dating, theater, religion, morals, and entertainment. I began to form emotional attachments with these new friends. In fact, I maintained two online relationships for over two years. Raul is a Hispanic teenager living in one of the roughest cities in our nation, Compton, California-the filming location of the 1991 movie Boyz 'N the Hood. I met Raul in a chat room one night. He sent me an instant message in the middle of a discussion about religion and asked what I believed. My subsequent chats with Raul seemed to have an impact on him and helped me to grow in my own faith. I occasionally took Raul's questions to my preacher or Bible teacher when I needed further explanation. For Raul's 18th birthday, I sent him a Bible that I bought with my paper-route earnings. Raul and I wrote each other for two years, and then Raul had to sell his computer. I haven't heard from him since. Brian is a middle-aged high-school theater teacher in Bowie, Maryland. He answered one of my message board posts about an upcoming audition for our school's performance of The Sound of Music. I was 17 years old at the time and greatly desired a part in the musical. Brian had expert advice for how to nail the audition, and as a result I was cast in the role of Maria. Caught in the Net (the Internet, that is) :: Personal Narrative, essay about myself "Hello. My name is Kim. I'm an online-aholic." There. I've said it. I guess I've been addicted for quite some time now, but I have just begun to realize it. My first interaction with the "Net" began when I was only 15 years old. My dad was the computer coordinator at our school, so he wanted to try Internet access at home before installing it at school. We became America Online members in 1993. None of my friends had e-mail back then. My relationship with e-mail started like a Romeo/Juliet conspiracy. I experimented with the Net on the sly at night when the rest of my family was sleeping. That's when I first created my own screen name. Although I was too young to drive, the locked doors of adolescence were suddenly flung open before me. I could be social in the evening rather than hang out with my family-the typical family that every adolescent wants to escape from. Hanging out in chat rooms became a nightly ritual. I quickly found friends who would meet me there, give advice for my adolescent problems, and discuss things such as dating, theater, religion, morals, and entertainment. I began to form emotional attachments with these new friends. In fact, I maintained two online relationships for over two years. Raul is a Hispanic teenager living in one of the roughest cities in our nation, Compton, California-the filming location of the 1991 movie Boyz 'N the Hood. I met Raul in a chat room one night. He sent me an instant message in the middle of a discussion about religion and asked what I believed. My subsequent chats with Raul seemed to have an impact on him and helped me to grow in my own faith. I occasionally took Raul's questions to my preacher or Bible teacher when I needed further explanation. For Raul's 18th birthday, I sent him a Bible that I bought with my paper-route earnings. Raul and I wrote each other for two years, and then Raul had to sell his computer. I haven't heard from him since. Brian is a middle-aged high-school theater teacher in Bowie, Maryland. He answered one of my message board posts about an upcoming audition for our school's performance of The Sound of Music. I was 17 years old at the time and greatly desired a part in the musical. Brian had expert advice for how to nail the audition, and as a result I was cast in the role of Maria.

The Closet :: Creative Writing Essays

The Closet Wolfgang knew about his father's past. It wasn't talked about much, but when it was, Wolfgang's mouth would perspire saliva and he would swallow it with fear. His past scared him, scared him so much one time while listening a small puddle began to form around his left leg. His father had never hit him or anything. His friends, they all got the belt, slap across the butt. Wolfgang tried to explain to them the stories, but they all thought he had it easy. The stories consisted of a kid, a non descriptive child. Wolfgang guessed it was supposed to be his dad. The stories were of the same idea, of a kid being bad and getting punished for it. But they weren't your butt slapping punishments like all the other kids got. They were kids locked away in basements for the rats to eat, getting sold on the street to dirty men, things to the degree only the grotesque mind could imagine such a horror. But when Wolfgang was really menacing or his dad was drunk he would tell the story of the kid in the closet. The kid in the closet story scared Wolfgang so much he wouldn't dare get near one. The night had fallen and the dealers came out just after dusk, so Wolfgang moved his toys from the corner and walked up the apartment stairs. As his little twelve year old legs climbed the steps, he had to pass the bums that lay cold on the steps with their bottles of liquor. Once to the top of the staircase he passed a late dealer, and headed toward his home. As Wolfgang reached to the door it swung open nearly swiping off his arm. "What the hell do you think your doing out this late?" It was his father, again in a drunken state. "Get your ass in here!" he grabbed Wolfgang by the ear and pulled in him. "You know what use to happen to me when I was a kid?" he asked. "Not the closet, please no." Wolfgang pleaded with him. He didn't want to hear it one more time, or not ever again. " Oh you want to hear about the kid in the closet?" he took time to say it with ease and in such a matter that it scared Wolfgang so much he began to beg. "No, no, please, please don't, anything, whip me like the other boys, anything." He couldn't hold back the tears. Wolfgang's crying only worsened the scene and his father picked him up by

Junk Food in Schools Essay

The school bell rings, signaling the start of the lunch hour and the kids all head out to the same direction: the cafeteria. After hours of sitting through class after class, their minds get weary from having to cram all that information into their heads. Consequently, the need for sustenance is almost always overpowering. Lining up towards the food counter, the children load up their trays with goodies of their own pickings. A can of Coke, a cheeseburger or tater torts, a bag of Cheetos and a candy bar and they’re on their way to devouring their savory spread. Thousands of schools across the globe are now being seen to serve an array of food that is high in calories and have elevated salt and fat content, not to mention the amount of preservatives in them. Cheeseburgers, fries, pizza, chips, sodas and candy bars have become largely available in today’s cafeterias, providing an unhealthy alternative to the traditional cooked meals. â€Å"Junk food†, as is appropriately coined for food that has low nutritional value, has largely become a favorite on our average youngster’s menu. As such, profit-seeking companies have targeted schools to market such products. Not only are they being promoted in high schools but they have now infiltrated the middle schools as well, knowing that most of these children are probably eating the same amount of junk food in their homes too. Although major cola companies are denying several harmful effects of their products, colas are causing children to be caffeine dependent. Crisps and other snacks may be attractive to [Insert Last name 2] kids in that they taste good but the consumption of these â€Å"empty† calories is the leading cause of obesity in youngsters and obese children could end up having chronic heart problems. Thousands of parents have voiced out their concerns and a lot of people are aware of the threat that this issue poses on the children’s health. Some areas actually pass laws prohibiting schools from turning on vending machines during lunch hours. This measure has proven to be ineffective. Such failure is the culmination of years and years of neglect upon the dietary needs of the children. If adults were more vigilant in supervising such an integral part of their growth, this health issue would not be an issue at all. As a result, what adults can do is to wean these kids from this unhealthy inclination and provide them with a well-balanced, highly nutritious yet equally satisfying fare. Regulations in preparing meals should also be implemented with respect to the children’s vitamin and mineral requirements. Fried products should be kept at a minimum as they are high in fat content, having been fried in oil. Burgers, sausages and other types of â€Å"mechanically recovered meat† should be banned from the cafeteria as well as sweets like candy bars, toffees, mints, chewing gum and savory snacks such as crisps, salted nuts and tortilla chips. These food items contain large amounts of sugar, salt, food additives such as monosodium glutamate and polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fats. The school is a place where the youth, who are to become tomorrow’s adults, go in order to gain knowledge of all the worldly things that they would need in the future. It is a place where they feed their minds but what they are feeding their bodies in a place of learning might someday lead to unseen health problems unless, the serving of highly nutritious and substantial meals can be strictly enforced in the educational system and that the adults who run the schools keep in mind that the children’s health should in no way be compromised. [Insert Last Name 3] Works Cited â€Å"Junk Food Banned in School Meals†. 19 May 2006. BBC News. 11 April 2008. â€Å"Junk Foods†. 2008. Ask the Dietician. 11 April 2008.